On Normal Process of Diffusion Equation in Monitoring Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in Nigeria
Kazeem Olalekan Obisesan,
Oladapo Muyiwa Oladoja
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
24-29
Received:
6 April 2022
Accepted:
19 April 2022
Published:
10 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijsd.20220802.11
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Abstract: Normal processes produce random variables with a normal distribution, which is the most important model in statistics. Due to the constant speed and direction of the carrier medium, a continuous source releases particles like environmental pollutants in drift be it in the air, water or soil. By differentiating the normal density function, this study used the knowledge of the plume model to build two separate paths of utilizing Gaussian probability density function with mean of zero to show that it meets the diffusion equation from physical principles through the knowledge of a Brownian motion in monitoring emissions of carbon monoxide from different sources in the most populous black country. Carbon monoxide emissions from manufacturing industries and construction (MIC), fugitive emissions from solid fuels (FESO), and agricultural waste burning (AWB) are all higher than other sources in Nigeria, according to this research. Rail transportation (RAIL) is the lowest source of carbon monoxide emissions, and pollution diffusion in the country follows a predictable pattern in form of a normal process. The magnitude of the standard deviations affects the precision of confidence intervals used to estimate mean pollutant concentrations. Decision-makers in the country will know which sectors to focus on in order to reduce carbon monoxide emissions.
Abstract: Normal processes produce random variables with a normal distribution, which is the most important model in statistics. Due to the constant speed and direction of the carrier medium, a continuous source releases particles like environmental pollutants in drift be it in the air, water or soil. By differentiating the normal density function, this stud...
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Management of Some Common Insect Pests and Diseases of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)
Shamil Alo Sora,
Wakuma Merga Sakata
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
30-39
Received:
13 June 2022
Accepted:
13 July 2022
Published:
28 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijsd.20220802.12
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Abstract: Several of the insect pests and diseases that cause havoc on their productivity affect Tomatoes. The most common insect pest affecting tomato yields is tomato leaf minor (TLM), also described as Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), while Fusarium oxysporum, Early blight, and Late blight are among the most widespread diseases systematically destroying tomato yields in many tomato-growing major countries. The rapid spread of Tuta absolutes over a wide area could be caused by a variety of factors, such as its high biotic potential and a variety of host plants. On the upper portion of immature leaves, attack symptoms such as minor vein clearing could be seen, whereas older leaves might develop epinasty. Use of Entomopathogens, Cultural Control Methods, Chemical Control, and integrated Pest Management Strategies are among the methods used to manage Tuta absoluta. The use of hostile microorganisms is another disease management technique that can be used to provide an environmentally friendly Fusarium disease control system. The most long-term solution is to implement an integrated system that includes cultural practices, fungicide spraying, and the adoption of broad-spectrum genetic resistance cultivars. Because single management practices may not be effective in the control of pests, Integrated Pest Management is the best strategy to control these diseases and insect pests.
Abstract: Several of the insect pests and diseases that cause havoc on their productivity affect Tomatoes. The most common insect pest affecting tomato yields is tomato leaf minor (TLM), also described as Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), while Fusarium oxysporum, Early blight, and Late blight are among the most widespread diseases systematically destroying tomato yi...
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